SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Scratch (programming language)</title>

</head>

Scratch (programming language)

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the programming language. For other uses, see <a href="Scratch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scratch (disambiguation)">Scratch (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Scratch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used since 16 October 2015</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Scratch 3.0 editor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a>, <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">block-based</a> programming language</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Scratch_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch Foundation">Scratch Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li>11 October 2003 (2003-10-11) (prototype Scratch 0.1)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>15 May 2007 (2007-05-15) (Scratch 1.0)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li>

<li>9 May 2013 (2013-05-09) (Scratch 2.0)</li>

<li>2 January 2019 (2019-01-02) (Scratch 3.0)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li>Scratch 3.0 (online editor) / 2 January 2019 (2019-01-02)</li>

<li>Scratch 3.29.1 (offline editor) / 27 February 2022 (2022-02-27)</li></ul>

</div>

</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a> (Scratch 1.x) <a href="ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> (Scratch 2.0)<a href="#cite_note-david_lee_scratch_3.0-3">[3]</a> <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (Scratch 3.0)<a href="#cite_note-david_lee_scratch_3.0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-flash_to_js-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (via renderer), <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> (via web browser), <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, and <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<a href="AGPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="AGPLv3">GNU Affero General Public License</a> (Scratch 3.0)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li><a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-Clause</a> (earlier versions of 3.0),</li>

<li><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPLv2</a> and Scratch Source Code License (1.x)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.sb, .sprite (Scratch 1.x) .sb2, .sprite2 (Scratch 2.0) .sb3, .sprite3 (Scratch 3.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/">scratch.mit.edu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>, <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>, <a href="StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a>, <a href="AgentSheets" title="AgentSheets">AgentSheets</a>, <a href="AgentCubes" title="AgentCubes">AgentCubes</a>, <a href="Etoys_(programming_language)" title="Etoys (programming language)">Etoys</a>, <a href="Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap!</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Catrobat" title="Catrobat">Catrobat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<a href="ScratchJr" title="ScratchJr">ScratchJr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap!</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="MBlock" class="mw-redirect" title="MBlock">mBlock</a>, <a href="Turtlestitch" title="Turtlestitch">Turtlestitch</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Scratch is a <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, block-based <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming language</a> and website aimed primarily at children as an educational tool, with a target audience of ages 8 to 16.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> Users on the site can create projects on the website using a block-like interface. Scratch was conceived and designed through collaborative <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> grants awarded to <a href="Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a> and <a href="Yasmin_Kafai" title="Yasmin Kafai">Yasmin Kafai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Scratch is developed by the <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> and has been translated into 70+ languages, being used in most parts of the world. Scratch is taught and used in after-school centers, schools, and colleges, as well as other public knowledge institutions. As of 15 February 2023, community statistics on the language's official website show more than 123 million projects shared by over 103 million users, and more than 95 million monthly website visits.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-12">[12]</a> Overall, more than 1.15 billion projects have been created in total, with the site reaching its one billionth project on April 12th, 2024.

Scratch takes its name from a technique used by <a href="Disk_jockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk jockey">disk jockeys</a> called "<a href="Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>", where vinyl records are clipped together and manipulated on a turntable to produce different sound effects and music. Like scratching, the website lets users mix together different media (including graphics, sound, and other programs) in creative ways by creating and "remixing" projects, like <a href="Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a href="Animations" class="mw-redirect" title="Animations">animations</a>, <a href="Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="Simulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulations">simulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scratch_3.0">Scratch 3.0</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3></div>

The Scratch interface is divided into three main sections: a stage area, block palette, and a coding area to place and arrange the blocks into scripts that can be run by pressing the green flag or clicking on the code itself. Users may also create their own code blocks, which will appear in the "My Blocks" section.

The stage area features the results (e.g., <a href="Animation" title="Animation">animations</a>, <a href="Turtle_graphics" title="Turtle graphics">turtle graphics</a>, either in a small or normal size, with a full-screen option also available) and all <a href="Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>' thumbnails being listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y <a href="Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinates</a>, with 0,0 being the stage center.<a href="#cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">[14]</a>

With a sprite selected at the bottom of the staging area, blocks of code can be applied by dragging them from the block palette into the coding area. The Costumes tab allows users to change the look of the sprite with a <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector</a> and <a href="Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> editor in order to create various effects, including animation.<a href="#cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">[14]</a> The Sounds tab allows attaching sounds and music to a sprite.<a href="#cite_note-sciencebuddies.org-15">[15]</a>

When creating sprites and also backgrounds, users can draw their own sprites manually,<a href="#cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">[14]</a> choose a sprite from the library, or upload an image.<a href="#cite_note-sciencebuddies.org-15">[15]</a>

The table below shows the categories of the programming blocks:

<caption>Block categories in Scratch

</caption>

<th colspan="2">Category

</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Motion

</td>

<td>Movements of sprites, like angles and directions.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Looks

</td>

<td>Controls the visuals of the sprite.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Sound

</td>

<td>Plays <a href="Audio_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio files">audio files</a> and effects.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Events

</td>

<td>Event handlers and broadcasters.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Control

</td>

<td>Conditionals, loops, and cloning.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Sensing

</td>

<td>Interactions between <a href="Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>, the mouse pointer, and the backdrop.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Operators

</td>

<td>Mathematical <a href="Operator_(computer_programming)" title="Operator (computer programming)">operators</a>, conjunctions, and comparisons.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Variables

</td>

<td>Blocks to access and set <a href="Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a>. Cloud variables are synced across all running versions of the project.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Lists

</td>

<td>Blocks to access and interact with <a href="Array_(data_type)" title="Array (data type)">lists</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>My Blocks

</td>

<td>User-defined <a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">functions</a>, accessible as blocks. They can have inputs and have the option to run without a screen refresh.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Extensions

</td>

<td>Extra categories (e.g. Pen, Music) of blocks that can be added to a project at any time.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_editing">Offline editing</h3></div>

An offline "Desktop Editor" for Scratch 3.0 is available for Microsoft <a href="Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and above in the Microsoft Store, Apple's macOS, ChromeOS, and Android;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> this allows the creation and playing of Scratch programs offline. The offline editor can also be downloaded in previous versions, such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4 (an archive of older versions is found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratcharchive.naleksuh.com/">here</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3></div>

In Scratch, extensions add extra blocks and features that can be used in projects. In Scratch 2.0, the extensions were all hardware-based and Pen was a normal category. Software-based extensions were added in Scratch 3.0, such as text-to-speech voices, along with some new hardware-based extensions like the <a href="Micro_Bit" title="Micro Bit">micro:bit</a>. The extensions are listed below.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical">Physical</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">LEGO Mindstorms EV3</a> – Control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego Mindstorms EV3</li>

<li><a href="Makey_Makey" title="Makey Makey">Makey Makey</a> – Use Makey Makey to control projects</li>

<li><a href="Lego_Education#WeDo" title="Lego Education">LEGO Education WeDo 2.0</a> – control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego WeDo</li>

<li><a href="Micro_Bit" title="Micro Bit">micro:bit</a> – Use of a micro:bit to control projects</li>

<li>LEGO BOOST – Bring robotic creations to life</li>

<li>Go Direct Force & Acceleration – Sense pull, push, motion, and spin</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital">Digital</h4></div>

Many of the digital extensions in Scratch 3.0 used to be regular block categories that were moved to the extensions section to reduce clutter. These include:

<ul><li>Music – Play digital instruments (drums, trumpets, violins, pianos, and more). Previously part of the Sound category.</li>

<li>Pen – Draw on the Stage with a variety of thicknesses and color. Previously a normal block category.</li>

<li>Video Sensing – <a href="Optical_flow" title="Optical flow">Detect motion</a> with the camera. Previously in the Sensing category.</li></ul>

New digital extensions have also been added in collaborations with commercial companies. These include:

<ul><li>Text to Speech – Converts words in a text into voice output, especially having an option for languages (variety of voices, supplied by Amazon)</li>

<li>Translate – Uses <a href="Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> to translate text from one language into a variety of other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Norwegian, and Japanese</li>

<li>Makey Makey – Options for better key pressing and press multiple keys in order. You can grab a join block if you want more control on the extension.</li></ul>

A paper published in 2019 by <a href="New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a> argues and illustrates, for coding music with Scratch, "that the music and sound blocks as currently implemented in Scratch may limit and frustrate meaningful music-making for children, the core user base for Scratch."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratch_Lab">Scratch Lab</h3></div>

The Scratch Lab<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> displays experiments from the Scratch Team, intended to explore whether new features may be added to the full website in the future. Experimental features currently under development include:

<ul><li>Video Sprites – Fill sprites with live video.</li>

<li>Face Sensing – Make animated costumes and games that interact with your face.</li>

<li>Animated Text – Bring words to life with colors, fonts, and animations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_of_users">Community of users</h2></div>

Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, <a href="Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, <a href="Library" title="Library">libraries</a>, <a href="Community_centre" title="Community centre">community centers</a>, and homes.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScholarWorks-21">[21]</a> Scratch is designed primarily for users aged 8–16, but it is used by all ages and has a sizeable adult user base as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-all-22">[22]</a> This wide outreach has created many surrounding communities, both physical and digital.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-12">[12]</a> In April 2020, the Tiobe ranking of the world's programming languages included Scratch in the top 20. According to Tiobe, there are 50 million projects written in Scratch, and every month one million new projects are added.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_users">Educational users</h3></div>

Scratch is used as the introductory language because the creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learned can be applied to other programming languages such as <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.

Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create animations, text, stories, music, art, and more. There are already many programs that students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch allows teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments with animations that help visualize difficult concepts. Within the social sciences, instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials with interactive elements. Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how to creatively build and collaborate.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

Scratch is taught to more than 800 schools and 70 colleges of the <a href="D.A.V._College_Managing_Committee" title="D.A.V. College Managing Committee">DAV organization</a> in India and across the world.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

In higher education, Scratch is used in the first week of Harvard University's <a href="CS50" title="CS50">CS50</a> introductory computer science course.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_community">Online community</h3></div>

Users of Scratch are called "Scratchers". Scratchers have the capability to share their projects and receive feedback. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can view and download the full source code to study or to remix into new projects.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Scratchers can also create project studios, comment, favorite, and "love" others' projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range from games and animations to practical tools. Additionally, to encourage the creation and sharing amongst users, the website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Educators have their own online community called ScratchEd, developed and supported by the Harvard Graduate School of Education. In this community, Scratch educators share stories, exchange resources, and ask questions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratch_Studios">Scratch Studios</h3></div>

Scratchers can upload their projects to studios where other Scratchers can upload their project for others to see and for other Scratchers to view, comment and remix their project. A studio usually consists of different projects made by Scratchers. Some Scratch studios are created by Scratchers to put all their projects into one library.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratch_Wiki">Scratch Wiki</h3></div>

The Scratch Wiki is a support resource for Scratch and information about its website, history, and phenomena surrounding it. Although supported by the Scratch Team (the developers of Scratch), it is primarily written by Scratch users (Scratchers) and is hosted independently of the main Scratch website.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3></div>

Roles are displayed as a label under a user's username on profile pages and on forum posts. To prevent <a href="Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>, new accounts have the "New Scratcher" role, as opposed by the usual "Scratcher" role. Some restrictions are imposed onto New Scratcher accounts, including the inability to use cloud data and a minimum 30 second cooldown period between posting comments.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After a period of time of interacting and creating projects, an account will be eligible to gain the Scratcher role.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Official <a href="Internet_forum#Moderators" title="Internet forum">moderators</a> and developers of Scratch are labeled as part of the "Scratch Team" and usually have an asterisk at the end of their username.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The site also has special types of accounts for Students and Educators to use Scratch in the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3></div>

In August 2020, <a href="GreatFire" title="GreatFire">GreatFire</a> announced that the <a href="Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Chinese government had blocked access</a> to the Scratch website. At the time, it was estimated that more than three million people in China were using it.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[38]</a> The outlet cited the fact that <a href="Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> were listed as countries on the website.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

The <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for the project editor in all three major versions, as well as a majority of the current website, is hosted publicly on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> across various <a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">repositories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Scratch 3.0 is <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based, 2.0 is programmed in <a href="ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-flash_to_js-4">[4]</a> and the 1.x versions were based on Squeak, which itself is based on <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>-80.<a href="#cite_note-Squeak-41">[41]</a>

2.0 had an experimental JavaScript-based interpreter that was being developed in parallel with the ActionScript version.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

On 13 May 2014, a year after the release of Scratch 2.0, it was announced by a developer on the Scratch Forums that 2.0 would become open source.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

In 3.0, Scratch blocks are implemented using <a href="Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a>, a JavaScript library developed by Google for creating block-based <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div>

Scratch Educators can gather in person at Scratch Educator Meetups. At these gatherings, Scratch Educators learn from each other and share ideas and strategies that support computational creativity.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

An annual "Scratch Week", formerly known as "Scratch Day", is declared in May each year. Community members are encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website. Scratch Week is a series focusing on Scratch activities on the Scratch website.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

Every <a href="April_Fools'_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a>, the Scratch Team will play pranks on users and add Easter eggs, one example being that all event blocks in projects turn into cat versions of the same blocks.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

In the early 2000s, the <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>'s Lifelong Kindergarten group (LLK) was developing visual programming languages targeted towards children.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2003, <a href="Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a>, <a href="Yasmin_Kafai" title="Yasmin Kafai">Yasmin Kafai</a>, and <a href="John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a> were awarded a <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> grant for the development of a new programming environment for children to express themselves with code.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The LLK, led by Mitchel Resnick, in partnership with <a href="Yasmin_Kafai" title="Yasmin Kafai">Yasmin Kafai</a>'s team at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> worked closely with <a href="The_Clubhouse_Network" title="The Clubhouse Network">Computer Clubhouses</a> in Boston and Los Angeles to develop Scratch, grounding its design in the practices and social dynamics of these after-school youth centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> It started as a basic programming language, with no labeled categories and no green flag.<a href="#cite_note-Dev1.0-49">[49]</a> Similar to AgentSheets<a href="#cite_note-AgentSheets-50">[50]</a> Scratch employed concepts of Tactile Programming later known as blocks-based programming. Scratch was made with the intention to teach kids to program.<a href="#cite_note-Dev1.0-49">[49]</a>

The philosophy of Scratch encourages the sharing, reuse, and combination of code, as indicated by the team slogan, "Imagine, Program, Share".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Users can make their own projects, or they may choose to "<a href="Remix" title="Remix">remix</a>" someone else's project. Projects created and remixed with Scratch are licensed under the <a href="Creative_Commons_Attribution-Share_Alike_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Scratch automatically gives credit to the user who created the original project and program in the top part of the project page.<a href="#cite_note-ScholarWorks-21">[21]</a>

Scratch was developed based on ongoing interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal learning settings can support the development of technological fluency.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

Scratch 2.0 was released on 9 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">[14]</a> The update changed the look of the site and included both an online project editor and an offline editor.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Custom blocks could now be defined within projects, along with several other improvements.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Scratch 2.0 Offline editor could be downloaded for Windows, Mac, and Linux directly from Scratch's website, although support for Linux was later dropped. The unofficial <a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> version had to be downloaded from the Scratch forums.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

Scratch 3.0 was first announced by the Scratch Team in 2016. Several public alpha versions were released between then and January 2018, after which the pre-beta "Preview" versions were released.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A beta version of Scratch 3.0 was released on 1 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> for use on most browsers; with the notable exception of <a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3.0_FAQ-60">[60]</a>

Scratch 3.0, the first 3.x release version, was released on 2 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

On 28 June 2023,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> the header and links on the Scratch Website changed from blue to purple, and new optional high-contrast block colors were introduced, to make the site easier for colorblind people to read and use.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

In 2013, the Scratch Foundation (formerly the Code-To-Learn Foundation) was founded, and on March 11, 2019, the Scratch Team separated from the <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> and moved to the Scratch Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The MIT Media Lab continues to collaborate closely with the Scratch Foundation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scratch_Foundation">Scratch Foundation</h2></div>

The Scratch Foundation (formerly the Code to Learn Foundation) is a company founded in 2013 to hold the ownership of Scratch and ScratchJr. The MIT Media Lab transferred Scratch and ScratchJr to the Scratch Foundation in 2019. Their website can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Scratchfoundation.org">here</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filetypes">Filetypes</h2></div>

In Scratch 1.4, an *.sb file was the file format used to store projects.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

An *.sb file is divided into four sections:

<ul><li>"header", this 10-byte header contains the ASCII string "ScratchV02" in versions higher than Scratch 1.2, and "ScratchV01" in Scratch 1.2 and below</li>

<li>"infoSize", encodes the length of the project's infoObjects. A 4-byte long, 32-bit, <a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">big-Endian</a> integer.</li>

<li>"infoObjects", a dictionary-format data section. It contains: "thumbnail", a thumbnail of the project's stage; "author", the username of the project's creator; "comment", the Project Notes; "history", the save and upload log; "scratch-version", the version of Scratch used to save the file;</li>

<li>"contents", an object table with the Stage as the root.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> All objects in the program are stored here as references.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul>

Scratch 2.0 uses the *.sb2 file format. These are essentially <a href="ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">zip files</a> containing a <a href="JSON" title="JSON">.json</a> file as well as the contents of the Scratch project including sounds (stored as <a href="WAV_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="WAV (file format)">.wav</a>) and images (stored as <a href="PNG" title="PNG">.png</a>).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Each filetype, excluding the project.json, is stored as a number, starting at 0 and counting up with each additional file. The image file labeled "0.png" is always a 480x360 white image, but "0.wav" will still be the earliest non-deleted file.

The ScratchX experimental version of Scratch used the .sbx file format.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

Scratch 3.0 uses the *.sb3 format.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Older_versions">Older versions</h2></div>

Although the main Scratch website now runs only the current version (Scratch 3.0), the offline editors for Scratch 2.0 (and the earlier Scratch 1.4) are still available for download<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and can be used to create and run games locally.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> It is still possible to upload projects from the Scratch 2.0 launcher, which are immediately converted into Scratch 3.0 when uploaded to the main site.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> There is also an offline version of Scratch 3.0.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div>

The editor of Scratch 1.4 and below was written in <a href="Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a>, while its online project viewer was written in <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, and a player written in <a href="Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> was later added.<a href="#cite_note-Squeak-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Scratch 2.0 relied on Adobe Flash for the online version, and <a href="Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">Adobe AIR</a> for the offline editor. These have fallen out of favor, and Adobe dropped support for them at the end of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

Scratch 2.0 changed how sounds were imported, so many Scratch 1.4 sounds stopped working. (The project file was changed from *.sb to *.sb2).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface">Interface</h3></div>

In Scratch 2.0, the stage area is on the left side, with the programming blocks palette in the middle, and the coding area on the right. Extensions are in the "More Blocks" section of the palette.<a href="#cite_note-all-22">[22]</a>

The web version of Scratch 2.0 introduced project autosaving.<a href="#cite_note-easy_steps-78">[78]</a>: 23

The blocks palette in Scratch 2.0 is made of discrete sections that are not scrollable from one to the next; the table below shows the different sections:

<caption>Interface sections in Scratch

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="background: #efefef;">Category

</th>

<th scope="col">Notes

</th></tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Motion

</td>

<td>Moves and changes the position of sprites

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Events

</td>

<td>Event handlers

</td></tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Looks

</td>

<td>Controls the visuals of the sprite

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Control

</td>

<td>Conditionals and loops

</td></tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Sound

</td>

<td><a href="Audio_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio files">Audio files</a>, sequences, and music

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Sensing

</td>

<td>Sprite interaction

</td></tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Pen

</td>

<td>Draw on the canvas

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Operators

</td>

<td>Mathematical operators

</td></tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">Data

</td>

<td>Variables, arrays and lists

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td scope="row">More Blocks

</td>

<td>Functions and extensions, return value is always <code>void</code>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Scratch 2.0 introduced the backpack, which can be used to transfer scripts, sprites, costumes, and sounds between projects.<a href="#cite_note-easy_steps-78">[78]</a>: 14–15

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

Scratch uses <a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven programming</a> with multiple active objects called <a href="Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">[14]</a> Sprites can be drawn, as <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector</a> or <a href="Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources. Scratch 3.0 only supports one-dimensional <a href="Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays</a>, known as "lists", and floating-point <a href="Scalar_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalar (computing)">scalars</a> and <a href="String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> are supported but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratch_2.0_features">Scratch 2.0 features</h3></div>

Scratch 2.0 does not treat procedures as <a href="First-class_object" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class object">first class structures</a> and has limited <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">file I/O</a> options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol, an experimental extension feature that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Extension protocol allows interfacing with hardware boards such as <a href="Lego_Mindstorms" title="Lego Mindstorms">Lego Mindstorms</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> or <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Scratch 2.0 also has the following features:

<ul><li>Smart block switching</li>

<li>Two-column category menu</li>

<li>Reverse order of project controls</li>

<li>Display stage on left side</li>

<li>Square block inputs</li>

<li>Compact editor</li>

<li>Collapsing sprite properties</li>

<li>Scratch 2.0 themes</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snap!_(Build_Your_Own_Blocks)">Snap! (Build Your Own Blocks)</h3></div>

A more advanced visual programming language inspired by Scratch is <a href="Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap!</a>, featuring <a href="First_class_function" class="mw-redirect" title="First class function">first class</a> procedures (their mathematical foundations are also called <a href="Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>), first-class lists (including lists of lists), and first-class truly object-oriented sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Snap! (previously "BYOB") was developed by Jens Mönig<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> with documentation provided by <a href="Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> from <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and has been used to teach "The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Both of them were members of the Scratch Team before designing "Snap!".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-all-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ScratchJr">ScratchJr</h3></div>

In July 2014, <a href="ScratchJr" title="ScratchJr">ScratchJr</a> was released for <a href="IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, and in 2016, ScratchJr for Android. Although heavily inspired by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnick, it is nonetheless a complete rewrite designed for younger children—targeting ages 5 through 7.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community-made_modifications">Community-made modifications</h2></div>

Due to the open source nature of Scratch, numerous <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> and <a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">browser extensions</a> have been created by the community that aim to improve or modify the user experience. ScratchTools and Scratch Addons are some examples of open-sourced browser extensions that add many upgrades and new features to the Scratch website and editor.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

TurboWarp is a fork of the Scratch 3.0 editor that <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiles</a> Scratch into <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> code when a project is run, resulting in projects' general preformances boosting significantly.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In addition, there are many technical settings and the same addons that Scratch Addons provides.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> TurboWarp can also export projects to <a href="Portable_Application" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Application">standalone</a> <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle (macOS)</a> and <a href=".exe" title=".exe">EXE</a> files.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>

Users can also create their own extensions for Scratch 3.0 using JavaScript.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Although the intention for Scratch 3.0 was to allow unofficial JavaScript extensions to be developed by users, it was abandoned due to moderation risks. As a result, the official site doesn't allow JavaScript extensions to be added, but several modifications of Scratch do.

Before 2.0, a number of Scratch forks<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> were created using the source code of Scratch 1.4. These programs usually only included a few extra blocks not present in Scratch.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a>, an interface used by Scratch to make the code blocks.</li>

<li><a href="Snap!_(programming_language)" title="Snap! (programming language)">Snap! (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_Playgrounds" title="Swift Playgrounds">Swift Playgrounds</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_(software)" title="Alice (software)">Alice (software)</a></li>

<li><a href="Twine_(software)" title="Twine (software)">Twine (software)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">Lego Mindstorms EV3</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_Cricket" title="Programmable Cricket">Programmable Cricket</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Pencil_Code_(programming_language)" title="Pencil Code (programming language)">Pencil Code (programming language)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFMaloneyBurdKafaiRusk2004" class="citation conference cs1">Maloney, John; Burd, Leo; Kafai, Yasmin; Rusk, Natalie; Silverman, Brian; Resnick, Mitchel (29–30 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221338134">Scratch: A Sneak Preview</a>. Second International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing. Section 6: Project status and next steps. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC5.2004.33">10.1109/C5.2004.33</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Timeline#May">"Scratch Timeline – Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-david_lee_scratch_3.0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david_lee_scratch_3.0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_lee_scratch_3.0_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation web cs1">Lee, David (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computhink.com.sg/what-you-need-to-know-about-scratch-3-0/">"What you need to know about Scratch 3.0"</a>. Computhink. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-flash_to_js-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flash_to_js_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flash_to_js_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFrang2019" class="citation web cs1">Frang, Corey (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bocoup.com/blog/porting-scratch-from-flash-to-javascript-performance-interoperability-and-extensions">"Porting Scratch from Flash to JavaScript: Performance, Interoperability and Extensions"</a>. bocoup. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scratchfoundation.org/open-source-license">"Strengthening Our Commitment to Free and Open Source Software"</a>. Scratch Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catrobat.org/">"Catrobat Home"</a>. catrobat.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratchjr.org/">"ScratchJr – Home"</a>. scratchjr.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snap.berkeley.edu/">"Snap! Build Your Own Blocks"</a>. snap.berkeley.edu.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/articles/z4hpy9q">"KS1 / KS2 Computing: Programming a robot crocodile"</a>. BBC Teach. Retrieved 8 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFscratch2022" class="citation web cs1">scratch, scratch (11 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/about#:~:text=but%20is%20used%20by%20people%20of%20all%20ages.">"Scratch – About"</a>. scratch.mit.edu.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0325828">"NSF Award Search: Award # 0325828 – ITR: A Networked, Media-Rich Programming Environment to Enhance Informal Learning and Technological Fluency at Community Technology Centers"</a>. www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-statistics-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_12-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/statistics/">"Community statistics at a glance"</a>. scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406023520/https://scratch.mit.edu/statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchorow2007" class="citation news cs1">Schorow, Stephanie (14 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2007/resnick-scratch">"Creating from Scratch"</a>. MIT News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013032644/http://news.mit.edu/2007/resnick-scratch">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LearnToProgram-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LearnToProgram_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LearnToProgram_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LearnToProgram_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LearnToProgram_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LearnToProgram_14-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarji2014" class="citation book cs1">Marji, Majed (2014). Learn to Program with Scratch. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. pp. xvii, 1–9, 13–15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59327-543-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sciencebuddies.org-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencebuddies.org_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencebuddies.org_15-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/references/installing-getting-started-with-scratch">"Science Buddies: Scratch User Guide: Installing & Getting Started with Scratch"</a>. ScienceBuddies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123252/https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/references/installing-getting-started-with-scratch">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/download">"Scratch Desktop"</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/music-making-in-scratch-high-floors-low-ceilings-and-narrow-walls/">"Music Making in Scratch: High Floors, Low Ceilings, and Narrow Walls? /"</a>. Jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lab.scratch.mit.edu/">"Scratch Lab"</a>. lab.scratch.mit.edu. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOliveira2014" class="citation news cs1">Oliveira, Michael (30 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/article/canadian-schools-starting-to-teach-computer-coding-to-kids/">"Canadian schools starting to teach computer coding to kids"</a>. <a href="CTV.ca" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV.ca">CTV.ca</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123251/https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/canadian-schools-starting-to-teach-computer-coding-to-kids-1.1799365">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408060603/http://www.smm.org/ltc/scratchday">"Scratch Day"</a>. Science Museum of Minnesota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smm.org/ltc/scratchday">the original</a> on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ScholarWorks-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScholarWorks_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScholarWorks_21-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLambJohnson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, Annette; Johnson, Larry (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/8622/38-4.pdf?sequence=1">"Scratch: Computer Programming for 21st Century Learners"</a> (PDF). Teacher Librarian. 38 (4): 64–68. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-all-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-all_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_22-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFResnickMaloneyHernándezRusk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Resnick, Mitchel; Maloney, John; Hernández, Andrés; <a href="Natalie_Rusk" title="Natalie Rusk">Rusk, Natalie</a>; Eastmond, Evelyn; Brennan, Karen; Millner, Amon; Rosenbaum, Eric; Silver, Jay; Silverman, Brian; Kafai, Yasmin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/Scratch-CACM-final.pdf">"Scratch: Programming for All"</a> (PDF). <a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>. 52 (11): 60–67. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1592761.1592779">10.1145/1592761.1592779</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229934947">229934947</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFay2020" class="citation web cs1">Fay, Joe (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devclass.com/2020/04/06/kids-programming-language-scratch-nails-top-20-in-latest-dev-rankings/">"Kids programming language Scratch nails top 20 in latest dev rankings • DEVCLASS"</a>. DEVCLASS. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartin2015" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Neil (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avinteractive.com/features/blogs/scratch-av-25-06-2015/">"What is Scratch? Is it AV or IT?"</a>. AV Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123255/https://www.avinteractive.com/features/blogs/scratch-av-25-06-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713122300/http://davnewpanvel.com/File/5651/Syllabus%20Std-VII%202018-19.pdf">"DAV CS Syllabus"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davnewpanvel.com/File/5651/Syllabus%20Std-VII%202018-19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzYkgDPSlegKbFFncEdwV3czVU0/view">"DAV Jharkhand Syllabus"</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYoung2007" class="citation news cs1">Young, Jeffrey R. (20 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/Fun-Not-Fear-Is-at-the-Heart/34008/">"Fun, Not Fear, Is at the Heart of Scratch, a New Programming Language"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5982">0009-5982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123249/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Fun-Not-Fear-Is-at-the-Heart/34008/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.cs50.net/2015/x/references/syllabus/syllabus.html">"CS50 Syllabus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317075307/http://cdn.cs50.net/2015/x/references/syllabus/syllabus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMonroy-HernandezHillGonzalez-RiveroBoyd2011" class="citation book cs1">Monroy-Hernandez, Andres; Hill, Benjamin Mako; Gonzalez-Rivero, Jazmin; Boyd, Danah (2011). "Computers Can't Give Credit: How Automatic Attribution Falls Short in an Online Remixing Community". Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM. pp. 3421–30. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.01285">1507.01285</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1978942.1979452">10.1145/1978942.1979452</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7494330">7494330</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHillMonroy-HernándezOlson2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill, B.M; Monroy-Hernández, A.; Olson, K.R. (2010). "Responses to remixing on a social media sharing website". ICWSM 2010: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, May 23–26, 2010. Washington, D.C.: AAAI Press. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.01284">1507.01284</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150701284M">2015arXiv150701284M</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57735-445-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844857775">844857775</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Design_Studio">"Scratch Design Studio"</a>. wiki.scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123252/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Design_Studio">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/educators">"Scratch for Educators"</a>. scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005234300/http://scratch.mit.edu/educators">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Wiki">"Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512210211/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Wiki">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFjvvg2013" class="citation web cs1">jvvg (1 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/44802/">"An explanation of the 'New Scratcher' status"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitscratch.freshdesk.com/en/support/solutions/articles/4000177710">"What is a Scratcher and how do I become one?"</a>. mitscratch.freshdesk.com. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Team">"Scratch Team - Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Student_and_Teacher_Accounts">"Student and Teacher Accounts - Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiao2020" class="citation web cs1">Liao, Rita (7 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/07/scratch-ban-in-china/">"China bans Scratch, MIT's programming language for kids"</a>. TechCrunch. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer-tech.com/news/2020/sep/08/china-blocks-mit-kid-friendly-programming-language-scratch/">"China blocks MIT's kid-friendly programming language Scratch"</a>. Developer Tech News. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Source_Code">"Scratch Source Code"</a>. Scratch Wiki. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Squeak-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Squeak_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Squeak_41-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.squeak.org/squeak/5833">"Scratch"</a>. Squeak/Smalltalk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLightnin2013" class="citation web cs1">Lightnin (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/174127/">"We're seeking contributors to help finish our HTML5 Scratch player (now open sourced!)"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFspeakvisually2014" class="citation web cs1">speakvisually (13 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/322347/">"Scratch 2.0 Offline Open Source Code!"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.google.com/blockly">"Blockly"</a>. Google Developers.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPasternak2019" class="citation news cs1">Pasternak, Erik (17 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723020648/https://developers.googleblog.com/2019/01/scratch-30s-new-programming-blocks.html">"Scratch 3.0's new programming blocks, built on Blockly"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.googleblog.com/2019/01/scratch-30s-new-programming-blocks.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meetup.com/pro/scratched/">"Scratch Educator"</a>. Meetup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421144408/https://www.meetup.com/pro/scratched">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.scratch.mit.edu/">"Scratch Week"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407171614/https://day.scratch.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010430112136/http://llk.media.mit.edu:80/projects/summaries/bbp.shtml">"LLK – Projects – Building-Block Programming"</a>. llk.media.mit.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llk.media.mit.edu:80/projects/summaries/bbp.shtml">the original</a> on 30 April 2001. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dev1.0-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dev1.0_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dev1.0_49-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Development_of_Scratch_1.0">"Development of Scratch 1.0"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004838/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Development_of_Scratch_1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AgentSheets-50"><a href="#cite_ref-AgentSheets_50-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3651308">"Tactile Programming: A Unified Manipulation Paradigm Supporting Program Comprehension, Composition and Sharing"</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/">"Scratch – Imagine, Program, Share"</a>. scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222201702/http://scratch.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Creative_Commons_License">"Creative Commons License"</a>. wiki.scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123252/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Creative_Commons_License">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0325828">"ITR: A Networked, Media-Rich Programming Environment to Enhance Informal Learning and Technological Fluency at Community Technology Centers"</a>. National Science Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230194131/https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0325828">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/download">"Scratch Desktop"</a>. scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406112722/https://scratch.mit.edu/download">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBiggs2013" class="citation web cs1">Biggs, John (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/10/kids-programming-tool-scratch-now-runs-in-the-browser/">"Kids' Programming Tool Scratch Now Runs in the Browser"</a>. <a href="TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709215339/https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/10/kids-programming-tool-scratch-now-runs-in-the-browser/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShane_(grokblah),_on_behalf_of_the_Scratch_Team2013" class="citation web cs1">Shane (grokblah), on behalf of the Scratch Team (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/125955/">"Updated Scratch 2 Offline Editor (Beta) is now available!"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDFY4O2JU9U">"Scratch 2.0 Preview"</a>. YouTube. MITScratchTeam. 1 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124200207/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDFY4O2JU9U">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_3.0">"Scratch 3.0"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215315/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_3.0">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/scratchteam-blog/3-things-to-know-about-scratch-3-0-18ee2f564278">"3 Things To Know About Scratch 3.0"</a>. Medium.com. 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230529/https://medium.com/scratchteam-blog/3-things-to-know-about-scratch-3-0-18ee2f564278">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3.0_FAQ-60"><a href="#cite_ref-3.0_FAQ_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/info/faq#scratch3">"Scratch 3.0"</a>. scratch.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406112722/https://scratch.mit.edu/info/faq/#scratch3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_3.0">"Scratch 3.0 – Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFceebee,_on_behalf_of_the_Scratch_Team2023" class="citation web cs1">ceebee, on behalf of the Scratch Team (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/7340551/">"Color Contrast is here!"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFceebee,_on_behalf_of_the_Scratch_Team2023" class="citation web cs1">ceebee, on behalf of the Scratch Team (5 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/7292215/">"Coming Soon: Color Contrast in Scratch!"</a>. Discuss Scratch. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMitchel_Resnick,_one_of_the_founders_of_Scratch2019" class="citation web cs1">Mitchel Resnick, one of the founders of Scratch (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mres.medium.com/supporting-the-growth-of-scratch-e56dc7f84453">"Supporting the Growth of Scratch - Mitchel Resnick - Medium"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/.sb">"Scratch Wiki – *.sb"</a>. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_File_Format/Object_Table">"Scratch File Format (1.4)/Object Table – Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_File_Format/References">"Scratch File Format (1.4)/Object Table – Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_File_Format_(2.0)">"Scratch File Format (2.0)"</a>. Scratch Wiki. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/LLK/scratchx">"LLK/scratchx"</a>. GitHub. 16 August 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_File_Format">"Scratch File Format"</a>. Scratch Wiki. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/download/scratch2">"Scratch 2.0 Offline Editor"</a>. MIT. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/scratchteam-blog/3-things-to-know-about-scratch-3-0-18ee2f564278">"3 Things To Know About Scratch 3.0"</a>. The Scratch Team. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Offline_Editor_(2.0)#Uploading">"Offline Editor (2.0) – Scratch Wiki"</a>. en.scratch-wiki.info. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratcharchive.asun.co/forums/viewtopic.php?id=57148">"Scratch Forums / Beta Flash player"</a>. Scratch Archived Forums. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Donnell, Lindsey (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://threatpost.com/flash-default-mozilla-firefox-69/140814/">"Mozilla Kills Default Support for Adobe Flash in Firefox 69"</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Corporate_Communications2019" class="citation news cs1">Adobe Corporate Communications (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825060523/https://theblog.adobe.com/the-future-of-adobe-air/">"The Future of Adobe AIR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theblog.adobe.com/the-future-of-adobe-air/">the original</a> on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usm.maine.edu/stem-outreach/wp-content/uploads/sites/421/2023/10/ScratchReferenceGuide14.pdf">"Reference Guide Scratch 1.4"</a> (PDF). Maine EDU. Scratch.mit.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-easy_steps-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-easy_steps_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-easy_steps_78-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcManus2013" class="citation book cs1">McManus, Sean (2013). Scratch Programming in easy steps. Leamington Spa: Easy Steps. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84078-612-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Extension">"Scratch Extension"</a>. MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123255/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Extension">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaspesla.github.io/ev3_scratch/">"EV3+Scratch Extension"</a>. Scratch extension GitHub. Code & Circuit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120204258/http://kaspesla.github.io/ev3_scratch/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/damellis/A4S">"Preliminary Scratch extension for talking to Arduino boards running Firmata"</a>. Scratch extension GitHub. Damellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116143517/https://github.com/damellis/A4S">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snap.berkeley.edu/">"Snap! – Build Your Own Blocks"</a>. University of California, Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516160757/https://snap.berkeley.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMönig" class="citation web cs1">Mönig, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/users/Jens/">"Jens on Scratch"</a>. Scratch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123251/https://scratch.mit.edu/users/Jens/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMönig2011" class="citation web cs1">Mönig, Jens (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206131246/http://www.chirp.scratchr.org/blog/?m=201105">"BYOB 3.1 – Prototypal Inheritance for Scratch"</a>. Chirp Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chirp.scratchr.org/blog/?m=201105">the original</a> on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/">"Brian Harvey"</a>. Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403045124/https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu/users/bharvey/">"bharvey"</a>. Scratch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123251/https://scratch.mit.edu/users/bharvey/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs10/fa11/">"CS10 : The Beauty and Joy of Computing"</a>. EECS Instructional Support Group Home Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123111318/http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs10/fa11/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.snap.berkeley.edu/t/relationship-with-the-scratch-team/1277">"Relationship With the Scratch Team"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scratchjr.org/about/info">"About ScratchJr"</a>. scratchjr.org. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratchaddons.com/docs/faq/">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Scratch Addons Docs. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2023/118382/118382.pdf">"Is the Scratch Programming Environment Ideal for all?"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Supported Education. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-989-758-641-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.turbowarp.org/how">"How TurboWarp runs Scratch projects 10-100x faster | TurboWarp Documentation"</a>. docs.turbowarp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turbowarp.org/">"TurboWarp - Run Scratch projects faster"</a>. turbowarp.org. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packager.turbowarp.org/">"TurboWarp Packager"</a>. packager.turbowarp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/LLK/scratch-vm/blob/develop/docs/extensions.md">"Scratch 3.0 Extensions"</a>. Github. MIT. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Modification">"Scratch Modification"</a>. Scratch Wiki. Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123253/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch_Modification">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Blocks">"Blocks"</a>. Scratch Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123256/https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Blocks">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scratch_(programming_language)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Scratch (programming language)">Scratch (programming language)</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Scratch" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Scratch">Scratch</a></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scratch.mit.edu">Official website</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lab.scratch.mit.edu/">Scratch Lab</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_engines_(list)393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Game_engines_(list)393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">Game engines</a> (<a href="List_of_game_engines" title="List of game engines">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Source_port" title="Source port">Source port</a></li>

<li><a href="First-person_shooter_engine" title="First-person shooter engine">First-person shooter engine</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_first-person_shooter_engines" title="List of first-person shooter engines">List of first-person shooter engines</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Game_engine_recreation" title="Game engine recreation">Game engine recreation</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_game_engine_recreations" title="List of game engine recreations">List of game engine recreations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Game_creation_system" title="Game creation system">Game creation system</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_visual_novel_engines" title="List of visual novel engines">List of visual novel engines</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adventure_Game_Interpreter" title="Adventure Game Interpreter">Adventure Game Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobra_(game_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobra (game engine)">Cobra</a></li>

<li><a href="Filmation_(game_engine)" title="Filmation (game engine)">Filmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Freescape" title="Freescape">Freescape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Creative_Interpreter" title="Sierra Creative Interpreter">Sierra Creative Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="SCUMM" title="SCUMM">SCUMM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_GameStudio" title="3D GameStudio">3D GameStudio</a></li>

<li><a href="Clickteam" title="Clickteam">Clickteam</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_Engine" title="Dark Engine">Dark Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="GameMaker" title="GameMaker">GameMaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Genie_Engine" title="Genie Engine">Genie Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="GoldSrc" title="GoldSrc">GoldSrc</a></li>

<li><a href="LithTech" title="LithTech">LithTech</a></li>

<li><a href="Mugen_(game_engine)" title="Mugen (game engine)">Mugen</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_Lab" title="Reality Lab">Reality Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="RenderWare" title="RenderWare">RenderWare</a></li>

<li><a href="RPG_Maker" title="RPG Maker">RPG Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sim_RPG_Maker" title="Sim RPG Maker">Sim RPG Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine_1" title="Unreal Engine 1">Unreal Engine 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtools" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtools">Virtools</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Theatre" title="Virtual Theatre">Virtual Theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Voxel_Space" title="Voxel Space">Voxel Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Zillions_of_Games" title="Zillions of Games">Zillions of Games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ubisoft_Anvil" title="Ubisoft Anvil">Anvil</a></li>

<li><a href="C4_Engine" title="C4 Engine">C4 Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="CryEngine" title="CryEngine">CryEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_Tools" title="Crystal Tools">Crystal Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphoria_(software)" title="Euphoria (software)">Euphoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Flare3D" title="Flare3D">Flare3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Frostbite_(game_engine)" title="Frostbite (game engine)">Frostbite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamebryo" title="Gamebryo">Gamebryo</a></li>

<li><a href="GameSalad" title="GameSalad">GameSalad</a></li>

<li><a href="HeroEngine" title="HeroEngine">HeroEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadwerks" title="Leadwerks">Leadwerks</a></li>

<li><a href="Marmalade_(software)" title="Marmalade (software)">Marmalade</a></li>

<li><a href="MT_Framework" title="MT Framework">MT Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="PhyreEngine" title="PhyreEngine">PhyreEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark_3D" title="Shark 3D">Shark 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_(game_engine)" title="Source (game engine)">Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Titan_(game_engine)" title="Titan (game engine)">Titan</a></li>

<li><a href="Unigine" title="Unigine">Unigine</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine_2" title="Unreal Engine 2">Unreal Engine 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine_3" title="Unreal Engine 3">Unreal Engine 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtools" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtools">Virtools 2.5</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicious_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicious Engine">Vicious Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_(game_engine)" title="Vision (game engine)">Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual3D_Game_Engine" title="Visual3D Game Engine">Visual3D Game Engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="4A_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="4A Engine">4A Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Lumberyard" title="Amazon Lumberyard">Amazon Lumberyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitsquid" title="Bitsquid">Bitsquid</a></li>

<li><a href="Buildbox" title="Buildbox">Buildbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Construct_(game_engine)" title="Construct (game engine)">Construct</a></li>

<li><a href="Creation_Engine" title="Creation Engine">Creation Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Decima_(game_engine)" title="Decima (game engine)">Decima</a></li>

<li><a href="Defold" title="Defold">Defold</a></li>

<li><a href="Felgo" title="Felgo">Felgo</a></li>

<li><a href="ForgeLight" title="ForgeLight">ForgeLight</a></li>

<li><a href="Fox_Engine" title="Fox Engine">Fox Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignite_(game_engine)" title="Ignite (game engine)">Ignite</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_Engine" title="Luminous Engine">Luminous Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Game_Maker_MV" title="Pixel Game Maker MV">Pixel Game Maker MV</a></li>

<li><a href="RE_Engine" title="RE Engine">RE Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Snowdrop_(game_engine)" title="Snowdrop (game engine)">Snowdrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Stencyl" title="Stencyl">Stencyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_2" title="Source 2">Source 2</a></li>

<li><a href="UbiArt_Framework" title="UbiArt Framework">UbiArt Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine_4" title="Unreal Engine 4">Unreal Engine 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine_5" title="Unreal Engine 5">Unreal Engine 5</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1970s25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Z-machine" title="Z-machine">Z-machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adventure_Game_Studio" title="Adventure Game Studio">Adventure Game Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_Space" title="Crystal Space">Crystal Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Game-Maker" title="Game-Maker">Game-Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="OHRRPGCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OHRRPGCE">OHRRPGCE</a></li>

<li><a href="Quake_engine" title="Quake engine">Quake engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Quake_II_engine" title="Quake II engine">Quake II engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratagus" title="Stratagus">Stratagus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Blender_Game_Engine" title="Blender Game Engine">Blender Game Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bork3D_Game_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bork3D Game Engine">Bork3D Game Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocos2d" title="Cocos2d">Cocos2d</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_Editor" title="Game Editor">Game Editor</a></li>

<li><a href="GDevelop" title="GDevelop">GDevelop</a></li>

<li><a href="Irrlicht_Engine" title="Irrlicht Engine">Irrlicht Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="JMonkeyEngine" title="JMonkeyEngine">jMonkeyEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightweight_Java_Game_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight Java Game Library">Lightweight Java Game Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Wonderland" title="Open Wonderland">Open Wonderland</a></li>

<li><a href="Panda3D" title="Panda3D">Panda3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Papervision3D" title="Papervision3D">Papervision3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_(game_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma (game engine)">Plasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Platinum_Arts_Sandbox" title="Platinum Arts Sandbox">Platinum Arts Sandbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar2D" title="Solar2D">Solar2D</a></li>

<li><a href="Thousand_Parsec" title="Thousand Parsec">Thousand Parsec</a></li>

<li><a href="Torque_(game_engine)" title="Torque (game engine)">Torque</a></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal Engine">Vassal Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Wintermute_Engine" title="Wintermute Engine">Wintermute Engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delta3D" title="Delta3D">Delta3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a></li>

<li><a href="GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li>

<li><a href="Horde3D" title="Horde3D">Horde3D</a></li>

<li><a href="LibGDX" title="LibGDX">libGDX</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenFL" title="OpenFL">OpenFL</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayCanvas" title="PlayCanvas">PlayCanvas</a></li>

<li><a href="Raylib" title="Raylib">Raylib</a></li>

<li><a href="Stencyl" title="Stencyl">Stencyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Stride_(game_engine)" title="Stride (game engine)">Stride</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_3D_Engine" title="Open 3D Engine">Open 3D Engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7860906-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008006648">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph751040&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564120605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d7ed36f7-8dda-4130-9da9-8919ea445866">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Scratch_(programming_language)&oldid=1304737585">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>